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Entropy Limited
 
Bio-Medical Technology
Bio-Medical Statistics & Clinical Trials
Business/Industry Management Support
Engineering Failure Analysis
Infrastructure Security/Risk Analysis
Mid- and Long-Range Weather Forecasting
Pattern Discovery/Statistical Services
Statistical Expert Witness Services
Clients
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Entropy Limited has been applying engineering,
science, statistics and information technology to
solve formerly intractable problems since 1973.
Through the use of pattern recognition and
other statistical procedures, EL can track past
behavior, identify the current status and predict
future behavior.
Our processes have a wide range of uses with
a high reliability which makes them useful in
many fields: business, engineering, health care,
clinical trials, systems security and meteorology
to name just a few. Entropy Limited has
provided hundreds of corporations, agencies,
and other organizations with analytical services
and software systems.
Projects have included researching factors
affecting system performance and reliability,
development of computer simulations of
complex systems and providing services in
regulatory compliance.
 
PROVIDING MANAGEMENT,
ENGINEERING &
STATISTICAL SERVICES

Bio-Medical Technology

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Bio-Medical Technology

Entropy Limited provides consulting services in the design and development

of new procedures and technologies for the prevention, diagnosis, and

treatment of diseases. The range of these services includes collaborator

identification, validation and recruitment, literature review and interpretation,

economic evaluation of opportunities, instrument technical specifications,

design of experiments for product development, product insert/claims drafting

and specification, clinical trial array design and analysis, and generation of a

proof source sufficient for product approval.

Cancer

Client list

Publications

Heart Disease

Other Medical Problems

cancer

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Cancer

For Lifespex, Inc., EL developed image-processing software to

perform the tissue characterization function of cervical tissue

fluorescence spectroscopy, a non-invasive optical technology for

detecting cervical cancer and pre-cancerous lesions.

For Biofield Corp., Entropy Limited conducted instrumentation

noise analysis and statistical pattern recognition modeling in the

development of procedures for assessing the likelihood of breast

cancer based on a new technology for making comparative

passive electropotential measurements.

For Chiron Diagnostics Corp., Entropy Limited identified patterns

in laboratory measurements and related patient data. These

patterns enhance the utility of PSA information in determining the

likelihood of prostrate cancer.

In cooperation with Duke University Medical Center and the

Southeastern Cancer Study Group, EL identified statistical

survival patterns for lymphoma, chronic granulocytic leukemia and

prostatic cancers. The features identified in these patterns were

closely approximated almost a decade later by much larger, multi-

institutional groups that developed what have come to be called

International Prognostic Indices (IPIs).

In the U.S., cancer is the second (only to heart disease) leading cause of

death. Entropy Limited has worked with the National Cancer Institute and a

number of clinics, pharmaceutical companies and biomedical devices

companies on problems of cancer detection, diagnosis, treatment and

rehabilitation. For some of these organizations, the Entropy Limited analysis

indicated the need for and insight into reorienting product capabilities and

claims. In addition to providing data validation and data analysis services,

Entropy personnel have participated in redesigning biomedical

instrumentation, rewriting product claims and reconfiguring diagnostic

analyses.

In the area of tumor markers, Entropy Limited's technology offers a unique

capability for identifying those diagnostic tests that increase the statistical

performance of index tests in specific disease settings. Ancillary tests are

profiled that, when used in combination with the currently considered index

tests, significantly improve performance. This can be done even when the

number of candidate markers is large and the amount of combination test

data is limited.

Breast Cancer Diagnosis

Cancer Survival Patterns

Cervical Cancer Detection

Prostate Cancer Detection

Measures of Effectiveness of Integrated Cancer Rehabilitation Services

cancer

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For the Southeastern Cancer Society Group, EL analyzed data

bases on non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and identified patterns for

both response to therapy and survival. These patterns provide a

means of stratifying patients for subsequent clinical trials and

permit more accurate prognoses to be made for presenting

patients.

Under the support of the National Cancer Institute, through a

subcontract from Harmarville Rehabilitation Center, Inc., Entropy

Limited designed randomization protocols and analyzed over 400

items of information on each of 600 cancer patients in an

evaluation of the effectiveness of integrated cancer rehabilitation

services of the Center to identify patterns of rehabilitation

success.

For GMP Companies, Inc., EL provided analysis of the diagnostic

performance of a large group of potential tumor markers that had

been assembled by an academic collaborator.

For the National Cancer Institute, under a subcontract from Arthur

D. Little, Inc., Entropy Limited analyzed the chemical structure,

physical and chemical properties, and other known features of

several hundred compounds for their chemotherapeutic activity in

retarding cancers and possible toxicity effects. EL developed a

classification system that effectively prioritized the evaluation of

compounds for likely anti-tumor/toxicity prior to animal testing,

enhancing the performance of the overall screening process and

permitting greater efficiency in resource allocation.

Tumor Markers

Patterns of Survival and Response to Therapy in Patients with Non-

Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Chemotherapeautic Potential of Candidate Neoplastic Drugs:

Structural Correlates of Activity

HOME Back to Biomedical Technology

Heart Disease

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Heart Disease

In cooperation with the Biomedical Technology Program at

Carnegie-Mellon University, EL developed an automatic phase

alignment method for principal components (Karhunen-Loeve)

expansion analysis applicable to heartbeat waveforms.

In cooperation with Duke University Medical Center, Entropy

Limited developed computer algorithms detailing a set of patterns

in non-mathematical medical language for predicting related

survival classification based on catheterization and clinical data

from over 2000 medically and surgically treated coronary artery

disease patients. The patterns were tested on a new set of about

1000 independent cases, and found to be accurate both with

respect to short term (two-year) and longer term (20% of normal

remaining lifetime) survival.

EL and the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science at

Carnegie-Mellon University worked together to conduct a spectral

analysis of heart valve sounds in response to audio pulses as a

means of assessing valve reliability by detecting cracks and

incipient cracks in the valves.

The Biomedical Technology Program at Carnegie-Mellon

University used Entropy Limited's minimax technologies to identify

patterns in ECG waveforms discriminating normal and abnormal

heartbeats.

Entropy Limited's Entropy Minimax multivariate statistical analysis technology

has been applied to heart disease in several ways. Examples include

identifying patterns in heartbeat abnormality, detecting possible problems in

heart valves and determining heart patient survival classification.

ECG Waveform Pattern Analysis

Spectral Analysis of Heart Valve Sounds

Principal Components Analysis of Heartbeat Waveforms

Patterns of Survival in Patients with Defined Coronary Artery Disease

HOME Back to Biomedical Technology

Other Medical Problems

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Other Medical Problems

Cell Sorting Technology

Predicting Rare Events in Medicine

Human Genome Data Management

Distinguishing Personality and Mood Disorders

Multi-Dimensional Data Display for Flow Cytometers

Drug Abuse and Its Prevention in the Military Services

Entropy Limited provided consultation on computer systems to

handle massive bioinformatics databases, with potential

applicability to human genome databases worldwide, for Kris

Technologies.

Entropy Limited, under subcontract from Arthur D. Little, Inc.

(ADL), designed a survey, entered the responses and performed

the analysis of drug abuse in U.S. military services (Army, Navy,

Air Force and Marine Corps) around the globe. Each of 20,000

servicemen filled out a 60-page survey covering incidence,

prevalence and patterns of drug abuse, detection of drug abuse

problems; and education, treatment and rehabilitation. As a sub-

contractor to ADL, EL provided the data management and

analysis services for the project.

For a private client, Entropy Limited analyzed patterns in data for

distinguishing personality and mood disorders from

autobiographical memories. The focus of the analysis was

correlations of early childhood memories with depression and

related psychological states of adults.

For Bection Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems, Inc., Entropy

Limited has developed algorithms to display multi-dimensional

flow cytometry data on computer monitors and to identify samples

exhibiting various categories of abnormality.

Entropy Limited has worked with Oxfordshire Health Authority

(U.K.) providing technical assistance on data retrieval systems,

computerized medical event tracking systems, and statistical

methodology for predicting rare events in medicine. In

consultation with staff from Radcliff Hospital and the National

Health Authority, recommendations were provided on operation of

data retrieval systems and development of computerized medical

event tracking systems.

Entropy Limited analyzed data on a new technology for cell

sorting, identifying statistical distributions best-fitted by several of

the variables, and examining correlations among the variables, for

Aura Oncology Systems, Inc.

Other Medical Problems

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Considering the number of people surveyed and the amount of

information obtained from each respondent, this was one of the

largest surveys ever conducted for the U.S. Department of

Defense and the U.S. Surgeon General's Office.

HOME Back to Biomedical Technology

pubs
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Publications
Business/Industry Management Support & Engineering Failure Analysis Bio-
Medical Statistics, Epidemiology & Clinical Trials 
Pattern Discovery/Statistical Services
Bio-Medical Technology Infrastructure Security/Risk Analysis Books Bottom of
page
"Anticipating and compensating for deviations from training experience," T.A.
Reichert and R.A. Christensen, Fifth Annual Meeting, Society for Medical Decision
Making, Toronto, Canada, October 2-5, 1983.
"An exploratory application of entropy minimax to weather prediction:
estimating the likelihood of multi-year droughts in California," R.A. Christensen, R.F.
Eilbert, O.H. Lindgren, and L.L. Rans, Report to U.S. Dept. of Interior, OWRT 14-34-
001-8409, NTIS PB81-182255, 1980, 39pp.
"Hydrologic forecasting for California," R.A. Christensen and O.H. Lindgren,
ELTD-81/1, NTIS PB86-1601817AS, presented at the Seventh Conference on
Probability and Statistics in the Atmospheric Sciences, Amer. Meteorological
Society, Monterey, California, Nov. 2-6, 1981, 36 pp.
"Long range discomfort index forecasting study for Central Arizona," S.
Eikenberry and R.A. Christensen, Final Report to Salt River Project, EL RN-387,
June 20, 1991, 61pp.
"Performance of the entropy minimax hydrological forecasts for California,
Water Years 1948-1977," R.F. Eilbert and R.A. Christensen, Jour. of Climate and
Appl. Meteor., 1983, Vol. 22, pp. 1654-1657.
"Principles for forecasting techniques," R.A. Christensen, presented at
International Symposium on Range and Possibilities of Technology Assessment,
Amerika Haus Stuttgart, Germany, Oct. 14, 1988; "Prinzipien der
Vorhersagetechnik," Reichweite and Potential der Technikfolgenabschatzung, K.
Kornwachs, Ed., C.E. Poeschel-Verlan, Stuttgart, 1991, pp. 91-101.
"Seasonal precipitation forecasting in the Northern Sierra for improved water
resource management," R.F. Eilbert and E. Altouney, Conference on Climate and
Water Management - A critical Era and Conference on the Human Consequences of
1985's Climate, Aug 4-7, 1986, Asheville, NC, American Meteorological Society,
Boston, MA, pp. 103-135.
"Seasonal precipitation forecasting with a 6-7 month lead time in the Pacific
Northwest using information theoretic model," R.A. Christensen and R.F. Eilbert,
Monthly Weather Review, 1985, Vol. 113, pp. 502-518.
"Successful hydrologic forecasting for California using an information
theoretic model," R.A. Christensen, R.F. Eilbert, O.H. Lindgren and L.L. Rans, Jour.
of Appl. Meteor., 1981, Vol. 20, pp. 706-713.
Back to top Back to Mid- and Long- Range Weather Forecasting
 
Pattern Discovery/Statistical Services
Mid- and Long- Range Weather Forecasting

pubs

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"An application of information theory to genetic mutations and the matching

of polypeptide sequences," T.A. Reichert, D.N. Cohen and A.K.C. Wong, J. Theor.

Biol., 1974, Vol. 42, pp. 43-57.

"Computationally practical entropy minimax rotations, application to the iris

data and comparison to other methods," K. Leontiades, Technical Report,

BioMedical Engineering Program, Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, 1976

[appears in Entropy Minimax Sourcebook, 1981, Vol. 4, pp. 319-327].

"Contrivedness: the boundary between pattern recognition and numerology,"

R.F. Eilbert and R.A. Christensen, Pattern Recognition, 1982, Vol. 15, pp.253-261.

"Crossvalidation: minimizing the entropy of the future," R.A. Christensen,

Inform. Proc. Letters, 1975, Vol. 4, pp. 73-76.

"Data qualification for entropy minimax analysis," R. Christensen and K.

Leontiades, EPRI RP508-2 Project Memorandum, Entropy Limited, Lincoln, MA,

Jan. 21, 1977 [appears in Entropy Minimax Sourcebook, 1981, Vol. 4, pp. 167-174].

"Entropie minimax," P. Verbeek and J. Van Vliet, Rept. No. 980.00/100/n/056,

Belgonucleaire S.A., Brussells, Belgium, June 9, 1977 [translated by A. Berman and

A. Monk; reproduced in Entropy Minimax Sourcebook, 1981, Vol. 4, pp. 177-196].

"Entropy minimax," R.A. Christensen, in Encycl. of Systems and Control,

M.G. Singh (ed.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988, pp. 1473-1479.

"Entropy minimax expansions for waveform analysis," R.A. Christensen,

Pattern Recognition, 1979, Vol. 11, pp. 41-49.

"Entropy minimax, a non-Bayesian approach to probability estimation from

empirical data," R.A. Christensen, Proc. of the 1973 Intl. Conf. on Cybernetics and

Society, IEEE 73 CHO 799-7-SMC, 1973, pp. 321-325.

"Entropy minimax multivariate statistical modeling-I: Theory," R.A.

Christensen, Int. J. General Systems, 1985, Vol. 11, pp. 231-276.

"Entropy minimax multivariate statistical modeling-II: Applications," R.A.

Christensen, Int. J. General Systems, 1986, Vol. 12, pp.227-305.

"Entropy minimax processing of incomplete data sets," R.A. Christensen,

Proc. of the 1973 Intl. Conf. on Cybernetics and Society, IEEE 73 CHO 799-7-SMC,

1973, pp. 326-327.

"A generalized method for matching informational macromolecular code

sequences," A.K.C. Wong, T.A. Reichert, D.N. Cohen and B. Aygun, Comp. in Biol.

and Med., 1974, Vol. 4, pp. 43-57.

"Induction and the evolution of language," R.A. Christensen, Physics Dept.,

Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, 1963 [appears in Entropy Minimax Sourcebook, Vol. 2:

Philosophical Origins, ISBN 0-938876-04-X, 1980, pp. 121-155].

"Matching code sequences utilizing context free quality measures," D.N.

Cohen and T.A. Reichert, Math. Biosciences, 1975, Vol. 24, pp. 25-30.

"Minimax entropy and learning by diffusion, " J.Shah, IEEE Conf. On

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, June 1998.

"The minimum entropy principle is not the principle of minimum cross-

entropy," R.A. Christensen, Int. J. General Systems, 1986, Vol. 12, pp. 401-404.

"Molecular evolution as a process of message refinement," T.A. Reichert,

J.M.C. Yu and R.A. Christensen, Journal of Molecular Evolution, 1976, Vol. 8, pp.

6 pubs

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41-54.

"Multivariate analysis methodology," R.A. Christensen and T.A. Reichert, in

Volume II of A Study of Department of Defense Drug Abuse Prevention and Control

Programs, a report to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health and

Environment), J. Kinney (Principal Investigator) and A. Morton (Education Team

Leader and Report Editor), Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 1975.

"Pattern discovery program for analyzing qualitative and quantitative data,"

R.A. Christensen, Behavioral Science, 1968, Vol. 13, pp. 423-424.

"Unit measure violations in pattern recognition: Ambiguity and irrelevancy,"

R.A. Christensen and T.A. Reichert, Pattern Recognition, 1976, Vol. 8, pp. 239-245.

"Addendum on differential diagnosis of three diseases of the cervical spine,"

T.A. Reichert and Y. Stephanedes, Entropy Minimax Sourcebook, 1981, Vol. 4, pp.

255-258.

"Anticipating and compensating for deviations from training experience," T.A.

Reichert and R.A. Christensen, Fifth Annual Meeting, Society for Medical Decision

Making, Toronto, Canada, October 2-5, 1983.

"Automatic phase alignment for the Karhunen-Loeve expansion," R.A.

Christensen and A. Hirschman, IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Engr., BME-26, 1979,

pp. 94-99.

"Detection of squamous intraepithelial lesions using evoked tissue

fluorescence," T.C. Wright, Jr., A. Ferenczy, R.A. Christensen and D. Ganguly,

Gynecol. Oncol., 1999, p. 458.

"Diagnosis, diseases of the cervical spine," R.A. Christensen, Sect. IV A.3 of

"Entropy Minimax Multivariate Statistical Modeling - II: Applications," Int. J. General

Systems, 1986, Vol. 12, pp. 275-277.

"Differential diagnosis of heart diseases using ECG waveforms," R.A.

Christensen, Sect. IV A.4 of "Entropy Minimax Multivariate Statistical Modeling - II:

Applications," Int. J. General Systems, 1986, Vol. 12, pp. 277-279.

"Entropy Minimax classification of the secondary structure of adenyl kinase,"

S. England, T.A. Reichert and R.A. Christensen, Entropy Minimax Sourcebook,

1981, Vol. 4, pp. 449-454.

"Entropy minimax patterns in leading K-L expansion coefficients for

displacement cardiograms," R. Vas and R.A. Christensen, from "Entropy Minimax

Analysis of Displacement Cardiograph Data," Technical Memorandum, BioMedical

Engineering Program, Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, May 9, 1975 [appears

in Entropy Minimax Sourcebook, 1981, Vol. 4, pp. 287-291].

"An introduction to entropy minimax pattern detection and its use in the

determination of diagnostic test efficiency," D.A. Gift, W.R. Schonbein and E.J.

Potchen, National Cancer Institute, CA 18871-02 DHEW, Dept. of Radiology,

Michigan State Univ., E. Lansing, MI, Sept. 1978, Entropy Minimax Sourcebook,

1981, Vol. 4, pp. 385-401.

"Near-orthogonal basis functions: a real time fetal ECG technique," R.L.

Longini, T.A. Reichert, J.S. Crowley and J.M.C. Yu, IEEE Trans. on Biomed. Eng.,

Bio-Medical Technology

pubs

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1977, BME-24, pp. 39-53.

"A noninvasive extraction of the fetal electrocardiogram," T.A. Reichert, R.L.

Longini, J.S. Crowley and J.M.C. Yu, Computers and Biomedical Research, 1977,

Vol. 10, pp. 1-7.

"Patterns of overuse of healthcare facilities," T.A. Reichert, Proc. of the 1973

Intl. Conf. on Cybernetics and Society, IEEE 73-CHO-799-7-SMC, 1973, pp. 328-

329.

"Pattern recognition in diseases of the cervical spine," D.R. Deakter, A.J.

Krieger and T.A. Reichert, Technical Report, Biotechnology Program, Carnegie-

Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, May 1974 [appears in Entropy Minimax Sourcebook,

1981, Vol. 4, pp. 225-237].

"Predicting rare events in medicine," R.A. Christensen, Invited Seminar,

Green College, Oxford University, Oxford England, Oct. 1991.

"A preliminary entropy minimax search for patterns in structural, physico-

chemical and biological features of selected drugs that may be related to activity in

retarding lymphoid leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia and melanocarcinoma in mice,"

R.A. Christensen and T.A. Reichert, Report to National Cancer Institute, NO1-CM-

23711/A10373, ELTD-75/1, Entropy Limited, Pittsburgh, PA, June 30, 1975, 302 pp.

"Prognosis in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma," R.A. Christensen, Sect. IV A.2 of

"Entropy Minimax Multivariate Statistical Modeling - II: Applications," Int. J. General

Systems, 1986, Vol. 12, pp. 269-275.

"Quantitative certainty in differential diagnosis," T.A. Reichert and A.J.

Krieger, Proc. of the Second International Joint Conference on Pattern Recognition,

IEEE 74-CHO-885-4C, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 13-15, 1974, pp. 434-437.

"Regression models for prognostic prediction: advantages, problems and

suggested solutions," F. Harrell, K. Lee, D. Matchar and T. Reichert, Cancer

Treatment Reports, 1985, Vol. 69, pp. 1071-1077.

"Validated predictions of survival in coronary artery disease," T.A. Reichert

and R.A. Christensen, Entropy Minimax Sourcebook, 1981, Vol. 4, pp. 457-490.

"Alternatives to incarceration for the woman offender," L.L. Rans, L. Adams

and R.A. Christensen, Report to U.S. Dept. of Labor, Manpower Administration,

Entropy Limited, Pittsburgh, PA, June 1975.

"Contemporary correctional industries," 3 Vols., L.L. Rans, et al., Report for

the New York State Department of Correctional Services, Arthur D. Little, Inc.,

Cambridge, MA, April 22, 1974.

"Crime and punishment; courts, corrections and the city," L.L. Rans, National

League of Cities Annual Congress of Cities, Miami, FL, Dec. 3, 1975.

"Criminal justice higher education programs in Maryland," L.L. Rans, et al.,

Report for Maryland Governor's Commission on Law Enforcement and

Administration of Justice, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, MA, Oct. 31, 1975.

"Developing positive correctional policy," Proc. of the National Congress of

the American Correctional Association, Madison, WI, Aug. 23, 1977.

Infrastructure Security/Risk Analysis

pubs

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"Employment patterns for criminal justice personnel following LEAA

supported higher education," L.L. Rans, Criminal Justice Higher Education

Programs in Maryland, report to the Maryland Law Enforcement Assistance

Administration, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 1973, pp. 7-13, under LEAA

Contract No. C-76186 to A.D. Little, Inc. and Sub-contract No. A10296 to Entropy

Limited, Belmont, MA [appears in Entropy Minimax Sourcebook, 1981, Vol. 4, pp.

575-603].

"Medical malpractice risk management early warning systems," O.H.

Lindgren, R.A. Christensen and D.H. Mills, Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol.

54, No. 2, pp. 23-41, Spring 1991.

"Parole risk assessment," R.A. Christensen, Report to Virginia Parole Board,

Entropy Limited, Lincoln, MA, Nov. 15, 1988.

"Population profiles: Iowa woman reformatory 1918-1975," L.L. Rans,

Entropy Minimax Sourcebook, Vol. 4, 1981, pp. 613-627.

"Population profiles: women in nine pretrial programs 1971-1973," report to

U.S. Dept. of Labor, Entropy Limited, Pittsburgh, PA, Spring 1977.

"Prediction and prevention of medical malpractice claims," O.H. Lindgren,

R.A. Christensen and D.H. Mills, Proceedings of the Department of Health and

Human Services ("HHS") Research Conference on Health Care Improvement and

Medical Liability, Wash., DC, April 27, 1988, pp. 29-38.

"Preventing disease weaponization: strengthening law enforcement and

national legislation," B. Kellman, O. Lindgren and R. McAfee, under grant to IMRS

from John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Institute for Medical Risk

Studies, Lincoln, MA, 2003.

"Regulation of biological science in the terrorism era," B. Kellman and O.

Lindgren, under grant to IMRS from John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur

Foundation, Institute for Medical Risk Studies, Lincoln, MA, 2003.

"Relations between social-legal action groups and the correctional

administration," L.L. Rans, Congress of the American Correctional Association,

Louisville, KY, Aug. 19, 1975.

"Ship 2000 Toolkit," G. Greenshields, O. Lindgren and R. Christensen,

Entropy Management Limited, CD publication, UK P&I Club, 1998.

"Study of Iowa's corrections system," 2 Vols., R.A. Christensen, in Report to

Iowa Corrections System Review Task Force, by Entropy Limited and Law & Policy

Associates, Entropy Limited, Lincoln, MA, Jan. 30, 1989.

"Summary of articles on agricultural terrorism and bio-security," B. Kellman,

O. Lindgren and R. McAfee, under grant to IMRS from John D. and Catherine T.

MacArthur Foundation, Institute for Medical Risk Studies, Lincoln, MA, 2003.

"T2000 Toolkit," G. Greenshields, O. Lindgren and R. Christensen, Entropy

Management Limited, CD publication, UK TT Club-Through Transportation Club,

1998.

'The Woman Offender: A Bibliographic Sourcebook, Entropy Limited,

Belmont, MA, December 1975.

"Women's arrest statistics," L.L. Rans, Women Offender Resource Center

Newslatter, Vol. 1, No. 1, April 1975.

"Women's crime: much a'do about...?" Federal Probation, March 1978.

pubs

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"Age-related changes in human blood lymphocyte subpopulations, II. Varying

kinetics of percentages and absolute count measurements," F. Hulstaert, I. Hannet,

V. Deneys, V. Munhyeshuli, T. Reichert, M. DeBruyere and K. Strauss, Clin.

Immunol. Immunopath., 1994, Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 152-158.

"Analysis of decisions and information in patient management," W.R.

Schonbein, Current Concepts in Radiology, Vol. 2, E. James Potchen, M.D. (ed.),

Mosby Co., St. Louis, MO, 1975, pp. 31-58.

"A global pattern for influenza activity," T.A. Reichert, A. Sharma and S.

Pardo; in A.D.M.E. Osterhaus, et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the World Congress on

Options for the Control of Influenza IV, Crete, Greece, 23-28 September 2000;

Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001, International Congress Series Vol. 1219C, pp. 87-94.

"Influenza and the winter increase in mortality in the United States, 1959-99,"

T.A. Reichert, L. Simonsen, A. Sharma, S.A. Pardo, D.S. Fedson and M.A. Miller,

Am J Epidemiol, 2004, Vol. 160(5), pp. 492-502.

"Influenza-related mortality in the United States during a period of increasing

vaccine coverage, 1968-1999," L. Simonsen, T.A. Reichert, W.C. Blackwelder and

M.A. Miller, Arch Int Med, 2005, Vol. 165, pp. 265-272.

"It's not about smoldering or neuraminidase; There were two A(H2N2)

pandemic internal gene variants," T.A. Reichert and R.A. Christensen, J Inf Dis,

2005, Vol. 192, pp. 1858-1860.

"The Japanese experience with vaccinating schoolchildren against

influenza," T.A. Reichert, N. Sugaya, D.S. Fedson, W.P. Glezen, L. Simonsen and

M. Tashiro, N Eng J Med, 2001, Vol. 344, pp. 889-896.

"The Japanese program of vaccination of schoolchildren against influenza:

Implications for control of the disease," T.A. Reichert, Sem Ped Infect Dis, April

2002, Vol. 13, pp. 104-111.

"Lymphocyte subset reference ranges in adult caucasians," T. Reichert, M.

DeBruyere, V. Deneys, T. Totterman, P. Lydyar, F. Yuksel, H. Chapel, D. Jewell, L.

Van Hove, J. Linden, et al, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 1991, Vol. 60, No. 2, pp.

190-208.

"Measuring the effect of influenza vaccination programs -- the Japanese

schoolchildren experience revisited," T.A. Reichert, N. Sugaya, D.S. Fedson, W.P.

Glezen, L. Simonsen and M. Tashiro; in A.D.M.E. Osterhaus, et al (eds.),

Proceedings of the World Congress on Options for the Control of Influenza IV, Crete,

Greece, 23-28 September 2000; Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001, International Congress

Series Vol. 1219C, pp. 80-86.

"National vaccination programs for the control of influenza: No evidence of a

reduction in excess mortality in four countries," T.A. Reichert, T. Tam, A.J. Valleron,

A. Hampson, D.S. Fedson and R.A. Christensen (submitted for publication 2007).

"Pandemic influenza and mortality: Past evidence and projections for the

future," L. Simonsen, D.R. Olson, C. Viboud, E. Heiman, M.A. Miller and T.A.

Reichert; in Chapter 1, The Story of Influenza, Institute of Medicine Forum on

Microbial Threats, Board of Global Health, National Academy Press (Washington)

2004, pp. 26-39.

Bio-Medical Statistics, Epidemiology & Clinical Trials

pubs

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"Patient randomization and statistical results," R.A. Christensen, Integrated

Cancer Rehabilitation Services, ed. by F. Hunt and J. Concannon, NCI Control No.

NO1-CN-65783, Harmarville Rehabilitation Center, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, 1981.

"Patterns of survival in advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma," T.A. Reichert,

R.A. Christensen, A.A. Bartolucci and C. Walker, Proc. of the Second Intl. Conf. on

Malignant Lymphoma, Swiss League Against Cancer, Lugano, Switzerland, 1984,

Malignant Lymphomas and Hodgkin's Disease: Experimental and Therapeutic

Advances, ed. by F. Cavalli, G. Bonadonna and M. Rozencweig, Martinus Nijhoff

Pub., Boston, MA, 1985, pp. 223-241.

"Preparing for the next influenza pandemic: Lessons from multinational

data," T.A. Reichert, Ped Inf Dis J, 2005, Vol. 24, pp. S228-231.

"Regression models for prognostic prediction: advantages, problems and

suggested solutions," F. Harrell, K. Lee, D. Matchar and T.A. Reichert, Cancer

Treatment Reports, 1985, Vol. 69, pp. 1071-1077.

"The seasonality of human mortality: The role of influenza," T.A. Reichert and

A. Sharma; in A.D.M.E. Osterhaus, et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the World Congress

on Options for the Control of Influenza IV, Crete, Greece, 23-28 September 2000;

Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001, International Congress Series Vol. 1219C, pp. 95-101.

"Vaccinating Japanese schoolchildren against influenza," T.A. Reichert, N.

Sugaya, D.S. Fedson, W.P. Glezen, L. Simonsen and M. Tashiro, N Eng J Med,

2001, Vol. 344, pp. 1947-1948.

"Validated predictions of survival in coronary artery disease," T.A. Reichert

and R.A. Christensen, Entropy Minimax Sourcebook, 1981, Vol. 4, pp. 457-490.

"The winter increase in mortality in economically developed countries: the

role of Influenza," T.A. Reichert, A. Sharma, S. Pardo, D.S. Fedson, A. Hampson, T.

Tam and A.J. Valleron (submitted for publication 2007).

"Aboveground storage tank survey," R.A. Christensen and R.F. Eilbert, Final

Report to the American Petroleum Institute, EL RN-623, Entropy Limited, Lincoln,

MA, April 1989.

"Adjoint sensitivity analysis in nuclear reactor fuel behavior modeling," R.A.

Christensen, R.F. Eilbert, R.A. Rohrer and G.S. Was, Nuclear Engineering and

Design, 1981, Vol. 66, pp. 125-139.

"Analysis of channel closure via rod bow", E. Lim, from Coolant Channel

Closure Modeling Using Pattern Recognition: A Preliminary Report, EPRI

FRMPM21-2, SAI-1785-79-PA, Science Applications, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, June 1979

[appears in Entropy Minimax Sourcebook, 1981, Vol. 4, pp. 105-130].

"Analysis of fission gas release data by a pattern recognition technique,"

D.G. Franklin, IDG-Note 2423, OECD Halden Reactor Project, Halden, Norway, Jan.

11, 1978 [appears in Entropy Minimax Sourcebook, 1981, Vol. 4, pp. 85-101].

"Auxiliary Processor to Improve Cost-Effectiveness of Inelastic Structural

Analysis," R.A. Christensen, R.F. Eilbert, G. Megaloudis, R.A. Rohrer, J. Shah, P.

Basu, I. Katz, B. Szabo and D. Falconer, NP-1296, Electric Power Research Inst.,

Palo Alto, CA, 1979, 153 pp.

Business/Industry Management Support and Engineering

Failure Analysis

pubs

8/10

"Clad failure modeling," R.G. Ballinger, R.A. Christensen, R.F. Eilbert, S.T.

Oldberg, E.T. Rumble and G.S Was, Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry: Fifth

Conference, D.G. Franklin (ed.), Am. Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM STP

754, 1982, pp. 129-145.

"Dealing with uncertainty in fuel rod modeling," S.T. Oldberg and R.A.

Christensen, Nuclear Technology, 1978, Vol. 37, pp. 40-47.

"Disaggregation of Line-of-Business data," R.A. Christensen and T.A.

Reichert, Technical Report, Entropy Limited, Belmont, MA, Oct. 26, 1974.

"Element-specific failure time estimation from ensemble statistics," R.A.

Christensen and E. Duchane, Fuel Rod Mechanical Performance Modeling, Task 3:

Fuel Rod Modeling and Decision Analysis, FRMPM32-2, July 27, 1979, Entropy

Minimax Sourcebook, 1981, Vol. 4, pp. 687-696.

"Entropy minimax analysis of simulated LOCA burst data," R.A. Christensen,

Report to U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, AT(49-24)-0083, ELTD-74/1, NTIS

PB85-210151 Entropy Limited, Belmont, MA, Dec. 31, 1974, 32 pp.

"Entropy minimax hazard axes for failure analysis," R.A. Christensen, R.F.

Eilbert and S.T. Oldberg, Fuel Rod Mechanical Performance Modeling, Task 3: Fuel

Rod Modeling and Decision Analysis, FRMPM32-2, July 20, 1979, Entropy Minimax

Sourcebook, 1981, Vol. 4, pp. 673-684.

"Estimating chance correlation likelihood for hazard axis analysis," R.

Christensen and R. Eilbert, EPRI FRMPM33-2 and FRMPM34-1, Nov. 1979

[appears in Entropy Minimax Sourcebook, 1981, Vol. 4, pp. 711-731].

"Fission gas release and fuel reliability at extended burn up: predictions by

the SPEAR-BETA code," R.G. Ballinger, R.A. Christensen, R.F. Eilbert, S.T. Oldberg

and E.T. Rumble, Tech. Rept. EPRI RP971, Entropy Limited, Lincoln, MA, presented

at American Nuclear Society, Topical Meeting: LWR Extended Burnup-Fuel

Performance and Utilization, Williamsburg, VA, April 4-8, 1982.

"In-service predictions," R. Christensen and R. Ballinger, Joint EPRI/DOE

Fuel Performance Contractors' Overview Meeting, Atlanta, GA, April 8, 1980

[appears in Entropy Minimax Sourcebook, 1981, Vol. 4, pp. 79-81].

"Longitudinal distortion (bowing) of rods in nuclear fuel assemblies during

commerical reactor operations," R.A. Christensen, Sect. III.A.4 of "Entropy Minimax

Multivariate Statistical lModeling--II: Applications," Int. J. General System, 1986, Vol

12, pp. 260-261.

"Network formulation of the finite element method," R.A. Christensen, Int. J.

General Systems, 1988, Vol 14, pp. 59-75.

"Nuclear fuel rod failure hazard axes," R. Christensen, EPRI FRMPM33-2

and FRMPM34-1, Dec. 1979 [appears in Entropy Minimax Sourcebook, 1981, Vol.

4, pp. 699-708].

"Operating environment and design-specific component survival estimation

in aging nuclear power plants," A.J. Wolford and R.A. Christensen, Report to U.S.

Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Div. of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Regulatory

Research, EG&G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls, ID, April 1989, 29pp.

"Predictive modeling for failure analysis and product design," R.A.

Christensen, Watson School of Continuing Education, State Univ. of New York,

Binghamton, NY, March 13-14, 1985.

"Predictive modeling for failure analysis, product design and quality control,"

R.A. Christensen, State-of-the-Art Technology for Reliability Engineering, Office of

pubs

9/10

Continuing Education, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, March 18-19,

1986.

"Principles of forecasting techiques," R.A. Christensen, presented at Intl.

Symposium on Range and Possibilities of Technology Assessment, Amerika Haus

Stuttgart, Germany, Oct. 14, 1988; "Prinzipien der Vorhersagetechnik," R.A.

Christensen, Reichweite und Potential der Technikfolgenabschatzung, K.

Kornwachs, Ed., C.E. Poeschel-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1991, pp. 91-101.

"Probabilistic code development," S. Oldberg, Planning Support Document

for the EPRI Light Water Reactor Fuel Performance Program, ed. by J.T.A. Roberts,

F.E. Gelhaus, H. Ocken, N. Hoppe, S.T. Oldberg, G.R. Thomas and D. Franklin,

NTIS EPRINP-737SR, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, 1978, pp.

2.52-2.57 [appears in Entropy Minimax Sourcebook, 1981, Vol. 4, pp. 29-32].

"Reactor diagnostics rule generation through statistical pattern recognition,"

J. Reifman and J.C. Lee, Nuclear Science and Engineering, 1991, Vol. 107, pp. 291-

314.

"Self-consistent estimates of individual life expectancy from censored data,"

R.A. Christensen, R.F. Eilbert and T.A. Reichert, Symposium on Modeling and

Simulation Methodology: Intelligent Environments and Goal-Directed Models,

University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, Jan. 21-23, 1987.

SPEAR-BETA Fuel Performance Code System COSTF: Cost Implications

Analysis Postprocessor, R.A. Christensen, NTIS EPRINP-2914, Electric Power

Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA, 1983, 185 pp.

SPEAR-BETA Fuel Performance Code System: Fission Gas Release

Module, R.A. Christensen, NTIS EPRINP-2905, Electric Power Research Inst., Palo

Alto, CA, 1983, 54 pp.

SPEAR-BETA Fuel Performance Code System, Vol. 1: General Description,

R.A. Christensen, EPRI NP-2291, NTIS DE82-903280, Electric Power Research

Inst., Palo Alto, CA, 1982, 239 pp.

SPEAR-BETA Fuel Performance Code System, Vol. 2: Programmer's and

User's Manuals, R.A. Christensen, EPRI NP-2291-CCM, NTIS DE83-90105, Electric

Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA, 1982.

"SPEAR code development," D. Franklin, H. Ocken and S. Oldberg, LWR

Core Materials Performance Program: Progress in 1979-1980, NTIS EPRINP-

1770SR, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, March 1981, pp. 4-4

through 4-8 [appears in Entropy Minimax Sourcebook, 1981, Vol. 4, pp. 47-51].

SPEAR Fuel Reliability Code System: General Description, R.A.

Christensen, NTIS EPRINP-1378, Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA,

1980, 163 pp.

"Statistical patterns of fuel failure in stainless steel clad light water reactor

fuel rods," G.S. Was, R.A. Christensen, C. Park and R.W. Smith, Nuclear

Technology, 1985, Vol. 71, pp. 445-457.

"Summary of disaggregation of Line-of-Business data," R.A. Christensen,

Business Policies, No. 212, The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., Washington, DC,

November 1, 1974, pp. B-23ff.

"Thermodynamics of income and wealth," R.A. Rohrer, Seminar in

Computational Modeling, Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, Spring 1975

[appears in Entropy Minimax Sourcebook, 1981, Vol. 4, pp. 663-668].

pubs

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Applications of Entropy Minimax, ISBN 0-938876-07-4.

Belief and Behavior, ISBN 0-938876-16-3

Computer Implementation of Entropy Minimax, ISBN 0-938876-05-8

Data Distributions, 2nd Ed., ISBN 0-938876-51-1

Fitting Distributions to Data, ISBN 0-938876-22-8

Fortran IV Utilities; User's Manual, ISBN 0-938876-03-1

Foundations of Inductive Reasoning, ISBN 0-938876-00-7

Futuristic Community Development: East Central Florida Crime Impact:

1974-1984, ISBN 0-938876-23-6

General Description of Entropy Minimax, ISBN 0-938876-06-6

Multivariate Statistical Modeling, ISBN 0-938876-14-7

Order and Time, ISBN 0-938876-19-8

Philosophical Origins of Entropy Minimax, ISBN 0-938876-04-X

Principles of Network Thermodynamics; Theory and Biophysical

Applications, ISBN 0-938876-21-X

Survey of Legal Literature on Women Offenders, ISBN 0-938876-01-5

Thermal Mechanical Behavior of UO2 Nuclear Fuel, 4 Vols.,

ISBN 0-938876-13-9

Women Offenders; A Bibliographic Sourcebook, ISBN 0-938876-02-3

"Underground storage system leakage," R.A. Christensen, Sect. III.5.B of

"Entropy Minimax Multivariate Statistical Modeling--II: Applications," Int. J. General

Systems, 1986, Vol 12, pp. 262-264.

"Underground storage system survey of API general committee of

marketing," R.A. Christensen and R.F. Eilbert, Final Report to the American

Petroleum Institute, EL RN-319, Entropy Limited, Lincoln, MA, December 1984.

UO2 Pellet Fragment Relocation: Kinetics and Mechanics, C.R. Kennedy,

R.A. Christensen and R.F. Eilbert, NTIS EPRINP-1106, Electric Power Research

Inst., Palo, Alto, CA, 1979, 96 pp.

Books

clients
1/6
Clients
U.S. Department of Defense
U.S. Department of Energy
U.S. Department of Commerce,
 National Weather Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Department of Labor
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
U.S. Coast Guard
U.S. Department of Justice,
 National Institute of Corrections
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
Office of U.S. Surgeon General
National Cancer Institute
Arizona Salt River Project
New York Department of Correctional Services
National Prison Project
Mental Health Law Project
St. Louis Legal Aid Society
Harmarville Rehabilitation Center
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
Northeast Utilities Service Company
Battelle Project Management Division,
 Office Of Nuclear Waste Isolation
Western Oil & Gas Association
Oil Recovery Systems, Inc.
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Professional Risk Management Corporation
Carnegie-Mellon University
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Institute for Medical Risk Studies
Iowa Legislative Service Bureau
Virginia Parole Board
Midwest Research Institute
Altran Corporation
Consolidated Edison Company
Project Collaborators Mid- & Long- Range Weather Forecasting
Business/Industry Management Support & Engineering Failure Analysis 
Bio-Medical Statistics, Epidemiology & Clinical Trials Infrastructure
Security/Risk Analysis
Biomedical Technology Bottom of page
Organizations for which EL has conducted research projects

clients

2/6

Argonne National Laboratory

Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),

(Nuclear Engr. Dept. and Sloan School of Mgt.)

Washington University

University of Arizona

University of Michigan (Dept. of Nuclear Engr.)

Michigan State Univ. (Dept. opf Radiology)

Northeastern University

Duke University Medical Center

American Petroleum Institute

New York Legal Aid Society

Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)

EG&G Idaho

Canadian Weather Service

COSMOS Corporation

Center for Effective Public Policy

Louisiana Law Enforcement Commission

Woodward-Clyde Consultants

San Diego County, CA

NCGS & Associates

Iowa Department of Corrections

Illinois Department of Corrections

Southern Center for Human Rights

Groundwater Technology

Celtrix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

LifeSpex, Inc.

Biofield Corporation

Chiron Corporation

Stanford University Medical Center

Oxfordshire Health Authority

Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Florida

Jentek Sensors, Inc.

Lumenal Technologies

Halden Reactor Project, Norway

Aegis Insurance Services

Veeder-Root Service Company

U.K. P&I Club and U.K. TT Club

Roadway Services, Inc.

Southland Corporation

Minimax, Inc.

Becton Dickinson Immunocytmetry Systems

St. Joseph's Hospitals, The Retinal Center

California Target Enterprises, Inc.

T. Miller Company, London

Kris Technology

GMP Companies, Inc.

Aura Oncology Systems, Inc.

Organizations with which EL has conducted project work on

a cooperative basis

clients

3/6

EG&G Idaho

Science Applications International Corporation

Consolidated Edison Company

Stanford University (Dept. of Materials Science)

Stanford Research Institute

Arthur D. Little, Inc.

National Opinion Research Center

Institute for Research

Resource Group, Inc.

Combustion Engineering, Inc.

Yankee Atomic Electric Company

General Public Utilities

Carolina Power & Light Company

California Department of Water Resources

JA Jefferies & Associates

Law & Policy Associates

University of Manchester

University of Wisconsin

Allegheny General Hospital

ABC Management Consultants

Risk Management Technologies, Inc.

Entropy Management Limited, U.K.

Stevens Institute

Science Applications International Corporation

Southeastern Cancer Study Group

Carnegie-Mellon University

Johns Hopkins Univ. School of Medicine

Univ. of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Verterans Administration Hospitals

Univ. of Minn. (Dept. of Civil and Mineral Engr.)

Scripps Institute of Oceanography

Cornell Univ. (Civil and Environmental Engr.)

U.S. Geological Survery

National Climate Data Center

Pacific Environmental Group

Duke Power Company

National Weather Service

NOAA

U.S. Department of Commerce

Office of Water Research & Technology (OWRT)

U.S. Department of the Interior

Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)

Salt River Project

Canadian Weather Service

Mid- and Long- Range Weather Forecasting

Business/Industy Management Support and Engineering

Failure Analysis

https://web.archive.org/web/20210513144057fw_/http://entropylimited.com/clients.html#biomed

clients

4/6

Electric Power Research Institute

Office of Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Jentek Sensors, Inc.

Altran Corporation

Northeast Utilities Service Company

Halden Reactor Project, Norway

California Target Enterprises, Inc.

Roadway Services, Inc.

Minimax, Inc

Veeder-Root Service Company

Arichell Technologies

State Univ. of New York

Worcester Polytechnique Institute

Carnegie-Mellon University

University of Michigan

General Public Utilities

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunities Commission

Shell Oil Company

Exxon Company U.S.A.

Mobil Oil Company

Getty Oil Company

B.P. Oil Company

Texaco U.S.A.

Irving Oil Company

Dead River Company

Sahara Oil Company, Inc.

Sing Oil Company

numerous other oil companies

American Insurance Group (AIB)

Federated Mutual Insurance Company

Pollution Liability Insurance Company (PLIA)

Employers Mutual Casualty Company

Homestead Insurance

Front Royal Group

EIPG

Liberty Mutual

Nationwide Mutual

Financial Guardian

Agricultural Excess

Sullivan Risk Management Group

National Union

G.C. Wright

James Group

Sedgwick James Insurance

various other insurance companies

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Midwest Research Insitute

San Diego County, California

Groundwater Technology

Woodward-Clyde Consultants

ATEC Environmental Services

American Petroleum Institute

Wester Oil and Gas Association

Oil Recovery Systems, Inc.

clients

5/6

U.S. Department of Defense

RMR, Inc.

Dodge Brothers

Merritt Truax, Inc.

Southland Corporation

Mini Mart

Zellerbach Paper Company

Greyhound Lines

Automatic Comfort Corporation

Cumbrerland Farms

Science Applications International Corporation

U.S. Coast Guard

U.S. Department of Defense

Homeland Security Institute

U.S. Dept. of Justice

National Institute of Corrections

Louisiana Law Enforcement Commission

various state departments of corrections

various state parole boards

Thomas Miller & Co. (Mutual Insurance

Managers, U.K.)

P&I Club (International Shipowners Mutual, U.K.)

TT Club (Through Transportation Mutual

Insurance Company, U.K.)

Aegis Insurance Services

Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Florida

John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation

various public utilities

Celtrix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

St. Joseph's Hospital, The Retinal Center

NCGS & Associates

Chiron Corporation

Gen-Probe

Ortho Diagnostic Systems, Inc.

GenenTech, Inc.

Lumenal Technologies

GMP Companies, Inc.

HemaCare Corporation

CreAgri, Inc.

National Institutes of Health

Bio-Medical Technology

Infrastructure Security/Risk Analysis

Bio-Medical Statistics, Epidemiology & Clinical Trials

clients

6/6

Harmarville Rehabilitation Center

National Cancer Institute

LifeSpex, Inc.

Biofield

Chiron Corporation

Oxfordshire Health Authority

Arthur D. Little, Inc.

U.S. Department of Defense, Health & Environment

Becton Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems

Duke Medical Center/ Southeastern Cancer

Study Group

Kris Technology

Aura Oncology, Inc.

Back to Bio-Medical Technology

trials

1/1

Bio-Medical Statistics & Clinical Trials

Entropy Limited provides support for clinical trial design, patient

randomization, and statistical analysis of safety and efficacy. In addition,

Entropy Limited provides guidance on pandemic preparedness, drawing

upon important insights into influenza epidemiology obtained in part through

the work of the Entropy Research Institute.

Client list

Publications

Clinical Trial Design & Statistics

Influenza Epidemiology & Pandemic Preparedness

Clinical

1/2

Clinical Trial Design & Statistics

Entropy Limited teamed with NCGS & Associates to conduct

statistical analyses for a number of clinical trials involving

Entropy Limited has worked with NCGS Laboratories to establish

and analyze a database, for Chiron Corporation and Gen-Probe,

on a process for efficiently analyzing large numbers of blood

samples. Data from over a million donors were used in the

analysis. This new screening method is designed to test for

Hepatitis and HIV.

Entropy Limited has worked for Celtrix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and

the Retinal Center at St. Joseph's Hospital analyzing safety and

efficacy in clinical trials. EL drafted the statistical aspects of the

clinical trial protocol, including sampling methodology and sample

size determination, developed patient randomization procedures,

and conducted statistical analysis of safety and efficacy in a

clinical trial of a treatment for severe reduction in visual acuity due

to full thickness macular holes.

Entropy Limited provides statistical data processing and analysis services.

These include both safety and efficacy related statistical services for clinical

trials, as well as providing designs for arrays of clinical trials that yield

statistically sufficient information while conserving temporal and monetary

resources. Recruiting sites and patients and launching a clinical trial are

amongst the most expensive activities in which a company can engage. EL's

"Efficient Paradigm" can be used to establish a proof source for product

registration utilizing a manageable number of patients and clinical sites. The

clinical trial array can be coupled to the economic valuation of a company's

portfolio of potential products, insuring that clinical information is acquired at

a rate which enhances the value of that portfolio while remaining consistent

with financial milestones.

Clinical trial array specification, directed either by regulatory

considerations or clinical portfolio evaluation and financial

milestones

Individual or coupled trial design

Sampling procedures specification

Sample size determination

Randomization

Blind-test coding

Data collection forms design

Data entry and processing

Statistical analysis

Report presentation and follow-up

Efficacy & Safety

Diagnostic Indicators

Statistical Basis for Blood Testing

AM Clinical

2/2

For Predicant, Inc., EL provided protocol design and drafting

services, acquired samples, reviewed data on instrument

performance and provided advice on product reconfiguration.

For Exagen, Inc., Entropy Limited provided an evaluation of a

draft protocol of a proposed diagnostic product, and a

reconfiguration of the product claims to be consonant with

preliminary data and clinical realities.

EL and NCGS & Associates provided statistical services to

GenenTech, Inc. and Lumenal Technologies. These services

included sample size determination and patient randomization,

and assured unbiased performance of the randomization

procedure.

Entropy Limited conducted a statistical analysis of blood platelet

viability and effectiveness in transfusion for HemaCare

Corporation.

development of new diagnostic technologies for Ortho Diagnostic

Systems, Inc.

For CreAgri, Inc., Entropy Limited provided statistical analyses of

arthritis changes in a product trial.

Breast Cancer Prognosis

Blood Platelet Data Analysis

Arthritis Amelioration Trial Statistics

Randomization and Sample Size Determination

Mass-Spectrometric Identification of Proteomic Indicators of

Diagnosis and Prognosis

HOME Back to Bio-Medical Statistics & Clinical Trials

Business/Industry

1/2

Business/Industry Management Support

Entropy Limited analyzed employment and personnel data for

racial and gender balance. (For the U.S. Equal Employment

Entropy Limited developed a computerized system to provide

multi-year financial and tax projects for real estate investments.

(For attorneys, brokers and investors.)

Entropy Limited has conducted a number of studies of tank

lifetimes in conjunction with tank management and replacement

programs. (For various corporations.)

Entropy Limited conducted national surveys of both underground

and aboveground petroleum storage tanks for the American

Petroleum Institute.

Entropy Limited developed a system to make economic tradeoff

analyses in fuel management, and conducted a full-core analysis

of General Public Utilities' Oyster Creek reactor. The effects of

variations in over 50 different cost factors are analyzed and the

cost implications are detailed. Factors including cleanup costs,

lost production costs, storage costs, and replacement costs are

included. (For the Electric Power Research Institute.)

Entropy Limited provides training in the use of specialized

computer codes to simulate the behavior of complex systems and

to make cost tradeoffs. (For personnel in over 30 major

corporations.)

Entropy Limited has provided training in quality control techniques

in manufacturing and equipment maintenance. (Through the

State University of New York, Worcester Polytechnique Institute,

Carnegie-Mellon University, the University of Michigan, and a

number of private companies.)

Entropy Limited provides management support to business and industry.

This includes economic improvements, quality control, employment and

personnel practices, and busines valuation and reporting.

Real Estate Investment

Quality Control Training

Petroleum Storage Tanks

Fuel Management Economics

Computer Simulation Training

Underground Tank Replacement Scheduling

Equitable Employment and Personnel Practices

Business/Industry

2/2

Entropy Limited developed acceptance criteria for technical

trading rules. (For International Technical Analysis, Inc.)

Entropy Limited analyzed the differential impact of wage

garnishment on different employee subgroups. (For a major New

York law firm.)

Opportunity Commission, and for local agencies and businesses

in Missouri, Illinois, Indiana and Pennsylvania.)

Entropy Limited analyzed data to estimate costs and liabilities for

188 service stations in California (Los Angeles, Riverside, Orange

and San Bernardino counties) and one in Nevada, with a total of

776 underground tanks. (For three California corporations.)

Entropy Limited conducted a mathematical analysis of the

disaggregability of aggregates of LB data reported to the Federal

Trade Commission. (For a major New York law firm representing

over 100 corporations.)

Business Valuation

Wage Garnishment

Line-of-Business (LB) Reporting

Stocks and Commodities Analysis

HOME Publications Client list

Flu

1/1

Influenza Epidemiology & Pandemic

Preparedness

With the National Institutes of Health, the Entropy Research

Institute initiated a multinational program to estimate the global

burden of disease due to influenza. One outcome of this work

has been a demonstration that influenza is the most likely cause

of the majority of the winter increase in mortality in all developed

countries.

Recent work at the Entropy Research Institute has shown that

influenza vaccination of high-risk groups in several countries has

failed to reduce mortality in any middle or elderly age group.

Recognizing that relying solely on current vaccination policies will

be insufficient to protect any institution's personnel resources and

performance capability, Entropy Limited has developed

procedures and services to guide management of commercial

and venture capital organizations in risk assessment, planning

and evaluation of preparation for influenza epidemics and

pandemics.

This study, under the leadership of Entropy Limited's and the

Entropy Research Institute's medical director, Thomas Reichert,

showed that Japan succeeded in reducing influenza-attributable

mortality in its elderly population by vaccinating its schoolchildren.

Entropy Limited and the Entropy Research Institute, with internal and

governmental support, have been actively involved in estimating the impact

of both annual and pandemic influenza, including the effectiveness of

vaccination programs, and management options in preparing for pandemics.

Pandemic Preparedness

Multinational Influenza Seasonal Mortality Study

Japanese Schoolchildren National Vaccination Program Study

HOME Back to Bio-Medical Statistics & Clinical Trials

pubs
1/10
Publications
Business/Industry Management Support & Engineering Failure Analysis Bio-
Medical Statistics, Epidemiology & Clinical Trials 
Pattern Discovery/Statistical Services
Bio-Medical Technology Infrastructure Security/Risk Analysis Books Bottom of
page
"Anticipating and compensating for deviations from training experience," T.A.
Reichert and R.A. Christensen, Fifth Annual Meeting, Society for Medical Decision
Making, Toronto, Canada, October 2-5, 1983.
"An exploratory application of entropy minimax to weather prediction:
estimating the likelihood of multi-year droughts in California," R.A. Christensen, R.F.
Eilbert, O.H. Lindgren, and L.L. Rans, Report to U.S.  Dept.  of  Interior, OWRT 14-34-
001-8409, NTIS PB81-182255, 1980, 39pp.
"Hydrologic forecasting for California," R.A. Christensen and O.H. Lindgren,
ELTD-81/1, NTIS PB86-1601817AS, presented at the Seventh Conference on
Probability and Statistics in the Atmospheric Sciences, Amer. Meteorological
Society, Monterey, California, Nov. 2-6, 1981, 36 pp.
"Long range discomfort index forecasting study for Central Arizona," S.
Eikenberry and R.A. Christensen, Final Report to Salt River Project, EL RN-387,
June 20, 1991, 61pp.
"Performance of the entropy minimax hydrological forecasts for California,
Water Years 1948-1977," R.F. Eilbert and R.A. Christensen, Jour. of Climate and
Appl. Meteor., 1983, Vol. 22, pp. 1654-1657.
"Principles for forecasting techniques," R.A. Christensen, presented at
International Symposium on Range and Possibilities of Technology Assessment,
Amerika Haus Stuttgart, Germany, Oct. 14, 1988; "Prinzipien der
Vorhersagetechnik," Reichweite and Potential der Technikfolgenabschatzung, K.
Kornwachs, Ed., C.E. Poeschel-Verlan, Stuttgart, 1991, pp. 91-101.
"Seasonal precipitation forecasting in the Northern Sierra for improved water
resource management," R.F. Eilbert and E. Altouney, Conference on Climate and
Water Management - A critical Era and Conference on the Human Consequences of
1985's Climate, Aug 4-7, 1986, Asheville, NC, American Meteorological Society,
Boston, MA, pp. 103-135.
"Seasonal precipitation forecasting with a 6-7 month lead time in the Pacific
Northwest using information theoretic model," R.A. Christensen and R.F. Eilbert,
Monthly Weather Review, 1985, Vol. 113, pp. 502-518.
"Successful hydrologic forecasting for California using an information
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